Kaivalyadhama Yoga Institute, Lonavla (India)

Swami Kuvalayanandaji, for the first time in 1920, experimentally had demonstrated that negative pressure is developed in the internal organs (Esophagus and colon) during Uddiyana and Nauli kriya. Kapalabhati (KB) has been found to enhance Oxygen consumption and Carbon dioxide wash out due to increased ventilation. The peripheral blood circulation is decreased during KB while RBC and the leukocyte count and haemoglobin are increased marginally after KB. Blood sugar was found to be reduced immediately after KB which gives a clue to its usefulness in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Duration of Antar-kumbhaka has been found increasing after practicing KB. Our observation indicates that KB kriya can be practiced safely for several minutes without any adverse effect as compared to voluntary hyperventilation. The practice of Trataka resulted in parasympathetic shift as evidenced by EEG, GSR, RR, and a decrease in mental conflicts. Vastra and danda dhauti and vayu bhakshana decrease gastric fire and acid secretion but combined gastric acid increases. Bile content is, in fact, washed out from stomach. These kriyas have been found useful in the management of asthma.

Studies concerning pulmonary gaseous exchange during pranayama show no increase in minute ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide out put. Rather, the result indicates a marginal reduction. The reduction in oxygen consumption is also seen during and after meditation as well as after a prolonged practice of Ujjayi pranayama. These changes are explained on the basis of reduced metabolic activity because of relaxation of the body. However, Bhastrika pranayama after eleven rounds increases oxygen consumption and CO2 out put probably because of mild exercise effect of Kapalabhati component. The electro - nasographic studies, conducted for the first time in India in our Scientific Research Department (SRD) viz., recording of electrical potentials from left and right nasal mucus membrane, revealed that the difference in potentials is not related to the breathing pattern in pranayama. The urinary acidity did not increase even after 45 minutes of total yoga practices, whereas urine volume, acidity and total solids had increased and specific gravity had decreased after rigorous practice of Anuloma Viloma and Ujjayi pranayama with intervening 50 rounds of Aum recitation. The effect of Aum recitation in low and high pitch on psychomotor performance has revealed that the low pitch Aum recitation led to an increase in inner awareness and peace with decreased psychomotor performance in comparison to the ‘control’ subjects, while high pitch Aum recitation increased the psychomotor performance. Aum recitation in low pitch, practiced for 30 minutes/day for 13-16 days resulted in increased relaxation and reduction in neuroticism and attention fluctuation. Physiological studies based on EEG, HR, PTG, BP, also showed that low pitch Aum recitation led to the parasympathetic predominance. On the basis of these studies, Aum recitation in low pitch seems to be more beneficial and useful in all respects. 20 minutes Shavasana practice leads to better resource conservation through cumulative practice of Shavasana-Imagery.

Short term Yoga training incorporating asanas, pranayamas, kriyas and kriyayoga practices for three to four weeks has been found to produce marked psychological changes viz., reduction in anxiety score, hostility and neuroticism and increase in mental steadiness, finger dexterity and immediate memory. 12 The significance of biochemical changes namely increase in plasma total protein and gama globulin and decrease in blood urea and uropepsin was also investigated. With similar training to school children an increase in parasympathetic function and an improvement in muscular fitness as judged by K-W test, was seen in the same age group as well as in adults. The similar Yoga training of 3 to 9 weeks showed an improvement in trunk flexion, strength and endurance of the abdominal muscles as compared to physical exercises. Two months to one year training on similar lines led to a graded reduction in extensive body fat percentage and absolute fat weight. There was no significant change in Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR). Three weeks training in Yoga lowered the cholesterol content. In conclusion, the optimal yoga training period of 3 weeks has significantly reduced the body fat and cholesterol level, and improved the physical fitness and behavioural pattern.

In the history of Yogic Research, this institute undertook the first research project on the clinical application of yoga in the management of Bronchial Asthma. In two projects, out of 160 asthmatics in 60% patients practice of vastra dhauti was found to be extremely useful in conjunction with relaxative asanas. However, it took long time and lot of motivation for these patients to learn the technique. In 104 asthmatics, after 4-6 weeks of yogic practices, the haemoglobin level and lymphocyte count was found to have increased while total leukocyte count had decreased. These changes in the blood constituents probably contribute to the immunity of the body. Likewise, in diabetes project almost 80% patients having moderate to mild intensity of the disease, showed improvement after 6 weeks of practice of asanas with an emphasis on the relaxative technique. Such relaxative technique along with some simple yogic postures was found to have profound beneficial effects in rehabilitation of post myocardial infarction patients as well as in hypertensives. Administration of six weeks of Yoga training (simple asanas, pranayama and aum recitation) to aged, blind persons (n=24) from an ‘institute for blind’ at Khandala revealed that their functional, emotional and intellectual sufferings were alleviated as compared to 22 control subjects. Out of 68 obese patients the residential patients in the age range of 25-70 years have shown more beneficial effects of 13 Yoga therapy for one month towards reduction in blood pressure, Heart rate, body fat percentage, body weight and hip girth when compared with nonresidential patients and those who participated aerobics for one month. Residential group have also shown improvement in heart related fitness variables such as peak expiratory flow rate, flexibility, abdominal muscle strength and endurance compared to non-residential and aerobics groups. Body weight (from 2 to 8 Kg.), anxiety and body fat percentage were reduced in all the three groups but more remarkably in residential group. Patients of arthritis and spondylosis have also been found benefited by 3 to 6 months of yogic treatment.

Studies on school children revealed that cardiovascular endurance, abdominal muscle strength and all other factors of motor functions were improved after 3 years of long term yogic training programme along with their overall academic achievements, which justifies the suggestion of introducing yoga in educational curriculum.

The project on ‘Ida and pingala’ revealed that 85% of the subjects showed uni-nostril breathing pattern, while 15% had more or less equal dominance in right and left nostrils. For the first time, the existence of uni - nostril breathing and rhythmic cycle of alternate opening and closing of left and right nostril every one to two hours was proved scientifically in this department. It was also proved that if a Yoga danda (a short crutch) is applied under an armpit with a little pressure the contra-lateral nostril opens up and the nostril on the epsilateral side starts closing. Normally, we are not aware of this uni- nostril dominance. Persons with right nostril dominance show more grip strength.

The project on ‘Pit burial samadhi’ revealed that the adept yogi could stay in the underground pit for 18 hours in comparison to a normal person (with no Yoga exposure), who could stay for only 10-12 hours. The tolerance to the increasing concentrations of CO2 in the pit was the main controlling factor in prolonging the stay inside such airtight pit. ECG studies, conducted on 6 different occasions for Heart stoppage project, revealed that the subject could stop his heart for 3 to 5 seconds during his heart control maneuver. 14 Studies on Surya Yogi revealed that he could gaze constantly at the sun for 30 minutes. His blood pressure reduced to 100/65 per minute after Suryatrataka. His heart rate increased to 130 / minute in first 15 minute of trataka, then got stabilized on to 117 / minute. His physical fitness, emotional balance was unchanged even after 6 days fasting. It was concluded that he has developed special skill of sun gazing through practice of trataka.

The projects are, generally, planned by the Incharge of each section

through inter-sectional collaboration, wherever necessary. The projects are

scrutinized by the Review Committee, which is composed of the experts and

nominees of Govt. of India and Govt. of Maharashtra, that meets once in four

to five years. Later on the experts of the Research Committee, constituted by

the Director of Research, screens, critically evaluates and discusses each

project with the research worker or a team of research workers. The Research

Committee meets once in five years.

a) Neuro- Psychological studies:

Effect of Yoga practices on neural network, resource management and

information processing in human brain.

b) Neuro Physiological Studies:

i) Evaluation of various techniques of asanas in order to find out which is

the most effective and appropriate technique by measuring psychophysiological parameters.

ii) Study of Neurophysiological response to Asanas in the beginners, the

trained subjects and in various psychosomatic disorders.

iii) Study of neurophysiological response to various techniques of Aum

recitation.

c) Biochemical and immunological investigations:

i) Influence of Yoga practices on hepatic and renal functions and on lipid

metabolism, in health and diseases.

ii) Effect of Yogasanas and Kriyas on immunological system.

iii) Difference between Yogasana and Vyayama: Though both look similar

at body level, there is a basic distinction between asanas performed

as Yogasana (i.e. by following the yogic principles) and Vyayama (i.e.

by principles of physical exercises). Comparative studies of the two

types have been planned.

d) Psychological Studies:

a) A comparative study of the effect of Aum and Gayatri Mantra recitation

on selected psychological parameters.

b) Effect of Trataka on attention fluctuation, vigilance and relaxation

capacity.

c) Effect of long term Yoga training on attitude towards life and one’s

value system.

d) Standardization of “Kaivalyadhama Yoga attitude scale”, developed

previously.

e) Yoga and Physical Education:

i) On Asanas

(a) Study of evaluation of the performance of Asanas.

(b) Study of Muscular fitness in Asanas.

ii) On Yogic Training

(a) Investigation of effect of Yoga training on stress recovery in athletes.

(b) Yoga training on running economy in school athletes.

associated variables.

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RESEARCH BASED COURSES

Ours is an approved Research Centre affiliated to University of Pune and conducts different research projects related to Yoga and allied sciences. We are also affiliated to this university to run M.Phil. / Ph.D. courses. At present we have capacity to enroll 15 students for M.Phil. and 8 students for Ph.D. in physical education (where Yoga is a core subject). Every student conducts special research project under the overall supervision of this department. Ph.D. admission is opened at any time in a year, however, the last date for M.Phil. is August 31.

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RESEARCH RECOGNITION & COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH

The research department is recognized by the University of Pune and the Council for Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Govt. of India. We have conducted collaborative research works, specially for Doctoral studies, with the following Institutions/ Universities:

a. All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)
b. University of Pune.
c. University of Mumbai.
d. SRTM University, Nanded.

We have done collaborative research works with many foreign universities viz., California University and Michigan University, in the past and presently we have plans to conduct collaborative research works with various Medical Colleges & Hospitals, IITs, Govt. as well as Non-Govt. departments/ organisations etc. and other institutions of repute including foreign universities.

Recently, we have completed a preliminary study (Ph.D. work in collaboration with SRTM University) on Yoga as a means to help in the process of treating AIDS.

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MAJOR AREAS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES DONE
(1924-2004)

Till-date we have published about 1000 research articles in Yoga in Yoga- Mimamsa and other national as well as international journals. The major areas of scientific research in yoga done in this department are as follows:

Radiological Studies
X-ray experiments on uddiyana, nauli, gajakarni etc.
Barometric and Kymographic Studies
Pressure changes in pranayama in uddiyana, nauli, kapalabhati, agnisara, gajakarni.
Investigation on Higher Yoga Practices
Experiments on Bhoogarbha Samadhi, Bhava Samadhi, Meditative practices.
Biochemical Investigations
Experiments on urea, creatinine, uropepsin, biogenic amines, blood sugar, energy expenditure, gastric acidity, serum cholesterol, serum lipase activity, serum protein, urinary pH and acid secretion, liver as well as kidney functions.
Physiological Investigation
Experiments on blood pressure, pulse control, cardiac output, heart rate, cardiac rhythm, heart control, antiperistalsis, digestive disturbance, gastric tone, intragastric pressure, kidney functions, basal metabolic rate, neuromuscular activity, muscle activity, chi-rhythm in ECG, physiological stress recovery, autonomic balance, coccygeal and sacral nerves, breathing pattern, CO2 production, CO2 elimination, O2 absorption, O2 consumption, alveolar air composition, diaphragmatic movements, mock inhalation, muellers manoeuvre, breath holding, pranayamic breathing, inspiratory volume, air composition in inhalation and exhalation, gaseous exchange, lung transparency, minute ventilation, tidal volume, nostril dominance, peak exploratory flow rate, intrathoracic pressure, oesophageal pressure, respiratory functions, pulmonary function, diaphragmic manipulation, sternum, ribs, cleansing of oesophagus & stomach, redistribution of colonic contents, electronasography, voluntary hyper ventilation, spine, body height.
Psychological Investigations
Experiments on emotional control, psychomotor performance, dexterity, anxiety, hostility, immediate memory, personality profile, mental fatigue, perceptual abilities, values, relaxation capacity, as well as construction of various psychological questionnaires.
Investigations on Health and Fitness
Experiments on grip strength and nostril dominance, body fat%, abdominal strength, cardiovascular efficiency, body composition, body density, somatotype, fitness indecx: men, women, boys, girls, policemen and so on, biomechanical analysis of asanas, evaluation of asanas, anaerobic capacity, physical work capacity, motor functions.
Therapeutical Investigations
Experiments on appendicitis, cecal constipation, bronchial asthma, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, hyper-acidity, delinquency, chronic sinusitis, rhinitis, migraine, backache, cervical spondylosis, psychological disorders. The Kaivalyadhama laboratory has carried out several collaborative research works with several Western scientists. Some of the noteworthy scientists were Dr. Therese Brosse (Harvard University), Dr. Gerard Bourgeosis (Scientist of Nuclear Physics, France), Dr. B.K. Bagchi (University of Michigan) Dr. Wenger and Dr. Pedro (Spain).

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BENEFITS OF YOGA PRACTICES (Experiment based)

A) Health and Physical Fitness
1) Yogic exercises help to increase flexibility of joints (Bera et al., 2003; Moorthy, 1981), cardiovascular endurance (Bera et al., 1993; Ganguly, 1981), static balance (Gharote, 1976), minimum muscular fitness (Moorthy, 1982), muscle tone (Gharote, 1970), neuromuscular excitability, coordination and muscle relaxation (Bera, 1988; Bhatnagar, 1977), aerobic capacity (Bera, 1993), body density (Bera et al., 1990), motor functions (Bera et al., 1995), physical work capacity (Bera, 2003), motor performance and health related fitness (Bera et al., 2003; Ganguly et al.,2002; Gharote, 1970). Along with health and fitness, regular Yoga practices help to enhance academic achievement of school children (Ganguly, Bera, & Gharote, 2002).
2) An excellent effect has been observed in reducing excessive body fat% and weight (Bera et al., 1993; Bera et al., 2003; Gharote, 1977; Madhavi et al., 1985) and in controlling body fat related body composition and health hazards (Bera & Ganguly, 1990; CCRYN Project, 2000).
3) Yogic exercises improve the health of spine (Gharote, 1972) and they correct foot defects (Bera, 2004).
B) Psycho-Physiological Advantages
1) Yoga reduces anxiety, egric tension, ego weakness, guilt feeling, frustration (Oak et al., 1981). It brings complete changes in body and mind so that the practitioner feels fresh remarkably, relaxed, and full of vitality (Saraswati, 1994). It so integrates the body and the mind so that mental fatigue gets reduced (Kocher, 1976a).
2) Yoga, specially pranayama, causes expansion of consciousness. This helps to attain mental clarity, awareness (Saraswati, 1994) and creativity (Bera, 1994). As a result, it improves concentration, attention, memory (short and long term), psychomotor co-ordination, non-verbal intelligence, reaction time and personality profile (Bhogal et al., 1999; Dhume & Dhume, 1991; Jedrczak et al., 1986; Kocher, 1976b; Madanmohan, 1992; Oak et al., 1982; Sahu et al., 1983).
3) Yoga provides relaxation which opens up the dormant centres of personality and utilizes even unconscious mind (Gharote et al., 1982; Sahu et al., 1983). It helps to reduce sports anxiety (Bhogal & Bera, 1997) and recovers one faster from stress (Bera, Gore, Oak, 1998).
4) Yoga has a great power to command the heart function by controlling it voluntarily (Anand & Chhina, 1961). Moreover, yoga accelerates venous return (Kuvalayananda, 1926b), improves pulmonary function, tidal volume, expiratory capacity (Gore, 1987), minute ventilation (Bhole, 1978) along with cardiac output (Jain & Bhole, 1979) and cardiovascular efficiency (Bera et al., 1993; Ganguly, 1981; Ganguly & Gharote, 1974), and reduces high blood pressure by controlling heart rate, respiratory rate, O2 uptake and skin resistance through yogic relaxation (Bhole, 1972; Elson, 1977; Kuvalayananda, 1926a, 1926b, 1926c & 1926d). These findings amply suggest a vital role played by yoga in changing muscular hypertrophy observed in cardiac muscles as we find in athletic heart. Heart rhythm and chi-rhythm in EEG have also been influenced by yoga (de Vicente, 1984; Dostalek et al., 1984; Stancak et al., 1991). Even myocardial infarction of heart patients can be well tackled by yoga (Tiwari et al., 1987). Several other investigations are in agreement about usefulness of yogic exercises on cardiac health (de Vicente, 1984; Manjo et al., 1984).
5) Lung functions can be improved as a result of yogic exercises (Bhole, 1982). Yoga is also useful for improving the breath holding time (Bhole, 1979). A followup experiment has revealed that yoga helps to improve the canting ability (breath holding capacity) of kabaddi players (Khodaskar, 1990). This suggests that yoga may improve the anaerobic power of sprinters and swimmers. Voluntary control of breathing has been observed increasing high among yogic practitioners (Stanescu et al., 1981). Such a control over breathing may be useful in the treatment of patients having chronic obstructive lung disease and bronchial asthma. The influence of yoga on improvement in anaerobic power for normal individual has been recorded (Bera et al., 1993), vital capacity, O2 consumption, respiratory endurance and lung transparency are also significantly influenced by yoga (Bhole et al., 1970; Karambelkar, 1983; Madanmohan, 1992). These results suggest that yoga has beneficial effects on the over all respiratory system.
6) Kidney functions are influenced by yoga as evident is the experiment (Kesari et al., 1979). The results reveal that yoga is useful for better clearance of urea and creatinine. Moreover, kidneys and other bodily organs always maintain their own positions as per the gravitational force. The yogic exercises viz., uddiyana and nauli can release continuous gravitational pressures acting on kidneys. Therefore, most of the bodily organs including urinary bladder get temporary relief (Bhole et al., 1971). Therefore, the role of yoga in improving the health of excretory system is quiet evident (Bhatnagar et al., 1978). It is also evident that yoga training helps to decrease the uropepsin excretion (Karambelkar et al., 1969). This result reveals the better functioning of kidney as influenced by yoga. Further researches on urinary pH, acid secretion, creatinine, genital organ related pressure etc., show an agreement that yoga maintains the healthy function of kidney as well as the associated organs (Bhole, 1982c; Gore, 1981; Kesari et al., 1979).
7) Gastro-intestinal functions are also controlled by yoga. A yoga technique viz., basti kriya (yogic enema) improves peristalsis movement in digestive tract, especially in the large intestine; mula bandha enhances the function of anal sphincter; and other yogic exercises like uddiyana, nauli, shirshasana, yoga mudra etc., remove cecal constipation (Kuvalayananda, 1924; 1924-25; 1925). Yoga has good response in reducing hyper gastric acidity (Gharote, 1971a; Gharote & Karambelkar, 1975). Several research investigations, in this area, also indicate that yoga is useful in improving the functions of digestive system (Bhole, 1983; Desai & Bhole, 1982 & 1983; Kuvalayananda, 1928b).
8) Nervous functions are well tackled through yoga. Meditative poses in yoga eliminate the possibility of compression of abdominal viscera and tone up the coccygeal and sacral nerves (Kuvalayananda, 1928a). This report also reveals that meditative pose minimises O2 requirement as well as CO2 production in the body and therefore respiratory rate decreases (Telles et al., 1993). Hemispheric asymmetry and autonomic abnormalities can also be controlled by yogic exercises (Bhargava et al., 1988; Jella et al., 1993). Thus stabilization of body and mind is observed. Such benefit may be due to the balanced function of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system (Gharote, 1971; Gore, 1984).
9) Sportsmen require skill, coordination, efficiency and other psycho-physical abilities involving motor cortex of the brain. Asanas provide training and education to the motor cortex (Bhole, 1977) by which a sportsman may enhance his performance (Bera, 1992). Apart from this motor cortex, the sensory-tonic activity is essential for athletes to gain top performance. In fact, asanas can influence sensory-tonic activity which in turn improves the function of visceral organs and neurovegetative system (Bhole, 1977; Roldan & Dostalek, 1985). Moreover, Yoga helps to reduce sports anxiety (Bhogal & Bera, 1998) and along with overall factors of physical fitness (Govindarajulu, Tiroumourougane, Bera, 2003; Lolage & Bera, 2002) it improves various sports skills (Pargaonkar, Joglekar, Dhope & Bera, 2001) including shooting performance (Khan & Bera, 1999). Thus, Yoga is important not only for sportsmen but for general people also, to achieve better fitness and health.

C) Biochemical Advantages
Research in yoga reveals a significant reduction in serum lipase activity among diabetics (Desai, 1984). Yoga is also useful in managing hypertension with special reference to metabolites of biogenic amines (Shettiwar et al., 1983). Biochemical investigation also reveals that yoga is beneficial for asthmatics in increasing serum albumins (Desai & Bhole, 1983a). This study also reveals that globulin count gets reduced whereas tyrosine and total protein remain unaffected by yoga. Similar experiments show that yoga helps to increase blood constituents, viz., R.B.C., haemoglobin counts (Deshpande & Bhole, 1982), fibrinolytic activity (Bhole, 1982a), uropepsin (Karambelkar et al., 1969) and decrease blood sugar level (Bhole, 1982d), blood urea, creatinine (Kesari et al., 1979), hyper gastric acidity (Gharote, 1971), blood T.L.C and eosinophils (Deshpande & Bhole, 1982), blood cholesterol (Moorthy et al., 1978; Karambelkar et al., 1981).

D) Therapeutical Advantages
1) Cardiorespiratory (heart & lungs) function of asthma patients improves as a result of yoga training (Ganguly, 1982). Asthmatics are also benefited by yoga in improving autonomic balance (Gharote et al., 1983), pulmonary function (Gore, 1982), exercise tolerance (Jain et al., 1991), lungs function (Bhole, 1982), pleural effusion (Prakashamma et al., 1984), respiratory response in terms of vital capacity and air velocity (Bhole et al., 1970; Gore et al., 1983; Singh et al., 1970) along with some benefits on psychological variables viz., anxiety, neuroticism, frustration etc. (Bhogal et al., 1993; Oak et al., 1981).
2) Low back pain arises due to several problems in living situations. However, one of the main reasons of such pain is addition of unequal tension distributed by the surrounded muscle groups in lumbar region in vertebral column. Gharote (1972) and Oak (2001) have reported that yoga, especially asanas, can influence the lumbar region. Some unpublished case reports suggested that a special group of yogic exercises are found beneficial in reducing lower back pain.
3) The report of Kuvalayananda (1928) has revealed that a set pattern of yogic exercises viz., bhujangasana, shalabhasana, dhanurasana, paschimatanasana etc., has therapeutical advantages on digestive dysfunctions. It has also been reported that the Cecal constipation and appendicitis can also be controlled by selected yogic exercises (Kuvalayananda, 1924-26; Parandekar, 1933).
4) Yoga has therapeutical value in managing diabetes mellitus (Gore, 1988), hypertension (Murugesan, Govindarajulu & Bera, 2000; Shettiwar et al., 1983), myocardial infarction and associated cardiovascular diseases (Bhole, 1972; Monjo et al., 1984; Tiwari et al., 1987). Overall cardiac efficiency is, in fact, improved by Yoga (Mishra, Tripathi, & Bera, 2003).
5) The yogic exercises, especially asanas, provide stretching as well as relaxation. This principle counteracts the effect of tremors in the muscles. Research investigation shows that conditioning, even for vigorous activities, by slow stretching reduces possibility of injury (Gharote, 1990). This in turn suggests that yogastretching may also be useful for sportsmen to avoid sports injury.
6) Yogic exercises are beneficial in removing postural defects and physical disabilities (Vinekar, 1957). Bhole (1970 & 1971) claims that yogic technique is an useful therapeutical system in managing chronic diseases of nose.
7) Cancer is curable by yoga as claimed by a researcher (Karambelkar, 1972). Although a research-based evidence is scarce so far, further extensive research would only substantiate the postulation of Karambelkar (Meares, 1976 & 1979).
8) Yoga has therapeutical advantage in controlling obesity (body fat) which is one of the triggering factors for cardiac arrest (heart attack), diabetes, hypertension etc., (Bera et al., 1993; Gharote, 1977; Leslie, 1993; Mohammad et al., 1980).
9) Yoga has proved to be a useful treatment system in managing psychosomatic diseases (Naspor, 1993). Yoga helps mentally retarded children by improving general mental ability, psychomotor coordination, intelligence and social behaviour (Uma et al., 1989).
10)Yoga prevents as well as reduces the intensity of drug abuse and alcohol addiction by decreasing autoimmune arousal (Parker et al., 1978; Safii et al., 1975).
11) Other Possible Therapeutical Applications Yoga may be useful -
1) to tackle juvenile delinquency (Vinekar, 1957);
2) to control AIDS (Bera & Singh, 2003); 3) to enhance the ability of immune system (Research work in progress).
(N.B.- The details of all the above references are available in ABSTRACT & BIBLIOGRAPHY book (Vols. I&II) and Yoga Mimamsa Journal published by the Kaivalyadhama, Lonavla).

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